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Even before the 5G mobile communications standard was fully deployed, the eyes of many started to turn towards the next generation: the 6G wireless communications system.

If 6G is to be able to meet the needs of the mobile communications when it is launched and for some while afterwards, then it will need to use up to the minute technology - technology which is not available at the moment.

However the has been talk that 5G will be the last mobile standard released as such: this will be updated to provide the required performance improvements and in this way it overcomes the huge investment required to launch a completely new system. If this idea catches hold then 6G will not be named as such, but instead it will be a major improvement in 5G performance to meet the needs of the ongoing mobile communications or wireless communications user 6G, or the sixth-generation wireless communications system is the successor to 5G cellular technology. It is anticipated that 6G networks will be able to use higher frequencies than 5G networks and this will enable higher data rates to be achieved and for the 6G network to have a much greater overall capacity. A much lower latency levels will almost certainly be a requirement.

Overall it is expected that 6G mobile technology will be to support one micro-second or even sub-microsecond latency communications, making communications almost instantaneous.

Timescales for 6G

5G started its deployment in 2019, and it is anticipated that it will be the major mobile communications technology up until at least 2030. Initial 6G deployments might start to appear in the 2030 to 2035 timescales, although this is very much a rough estimate.

However these timescales for 6G roughly fall in line with those for previous generations: 1G was available in approximately the 1980s, 2G in the 90s, 3G started deployment around 2003, and 4G initial deployments started in 2008 and 2009, and finally 5G in 2019.

In order that 6G technology is available in time, initial ideas need to start coming together about now.

6G technology developments

The actual format for 6G will depend on how 5G develops and where its shortfalls appear to be. Currently there are many different use cases that have been put forwards and only time will tell what the uptake is and how 5G is used. It is expected that it will be used increasingly for the Internet of Things, IoT, as well as inter-vehicle communications for autonomous vehicles. The way all of this pans out remains to be seen.

If there are shortfalls in 5G, then these can be included in the 6G proposals.

In addition to this, one of the areas that is expected to be a key element of 6G is TeraHerz communications. Using these exceedingly high frequencies, huge bandwidths will become available, although the technology is not available to make this happen.

6G development projects

There are already a number of 6G technology projects that are under way at the moment, and some organisations are now starting early development.

South Korea Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute:   As might be expected, South Korea is well ahead and this institute is conducting research on Terahertz band technology for 6G. They are hoping to make 6G 100 times faster than 4G LTE and 5 times faster than 5G networks.

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, MIIT, China: With China investing large amounts into technology, they are keen to gain a lead in 6G. Accordingly MIIT is directly investing and monitoring the research and development process.

The University of Oulu, Finland:   This university has started a 6G research initiative known as 6Genesis. The project is expected to run for at least eight years and it will develop ideas that will be suitable for 6G technology almost to 2040.

USA initiatives:   The USA is planning to open up 6G frequency spectrum at frequencies at frequencies between 95 GHz and 3 THz for early research and development, although this will require approval from the Federal Communications Commission FCC for frequencies over 95 gigahertz GHz to 3 THz.

Technologies for 6G

6G mobile communications technology will build on that already established for 5G. Some of the existing new technologies will be further developed for 6G

Millimetre-Wave technologies:   Using frequencies much higher in the frequency spectrum opens up more spectrum and also provides the possibility of having much wide channel bandwidth. With huge data speeds and bandwidths required for 6G, the millimetre wave technologies will be further developed, possibly extending into the TeraHertz region of the spectrum.

As 5G is gearing up for market deployment, the European 5G Observatory provides updates on all of the latest market developments, including actions being undertaken by the private and public sectors, in the field of 5G. The 5G observatory also delivers an analysis of the strategic implications of the 5G Action Plan and other public policy objectives.The Observatory focuses on 5G developments in Europe, along with major international developments (USA, Japan, China, South Korea) that could impact the European market.

Комуникационна мрежа от данни, която обслужва потребители в обширна географска територия и често използва устройства за пренос предоставени от общи преносители. Frame Relay, SMDS uX.25, могат да бъдат посочени като примери за световни мрежи WAN. Най-голямата глобална мрежа е Интернет

With WLR the alternative telecoms provider buys a wholesale product from the incumbent (usually in conjunction with a wholesale call product such as CPS) and is then able to produce a single bill for the end user covering calls and line rental. Broadband services can also be provided by the WLR operator (and included in a single bill) if a separate wholesale DSL product is purchased from the incumbent, but this is optional.

Wholesale line rental (WLR) is a service in which a telecommunications operator takes control of all the connections made through a telephone line from the native operator and collects the subscription fee from the subscribers.  

A wholesale access product enables an operator, the 'access seeker' to use netwok elements and associated facilities and/or services of another operator, the 'access provider'. Depending on the local/national circumstances, in particular the network architecture(s) and topology(ies) in place and on the nature of the competition problem to be tackled, the wholesale access products may cover inter-alia: (i) access to network elements and associated facilities, which may involve the connection of equipment, by fixed or non-fixed means (in particular this includes access to the local loop and to facilities and services necessary to provide services over the local loop), access to physical infrastructure including buildings, ducts and masts, access to relevant software systems including operational support systems, access to number translation or systems offering equivalent functionality, access to fixed and mobile networks, in particular for roaming, access to conditional access systems for digital television services, access to virtual network services .

Database for domain names and IP addresses including data about the registrants.

The WHOIS Internet Protocol is used for databases to obtain domain name registration information (or IP address). ICANN's gTLD agreements require registries and registrars to offer an interactive web page and port 43 WHOIS service, providing free public access to data for domains registered. These data are commonly referred to as "WHOIS data" and include elements such as registration and expiration dates, domain servers, contact information for the registrant, and certain administrative and technical contacts.

WHOIS services are typically used to identify domain name holders for business purposes and identify countries that are able to correct technical problems, associated with a registered domain.WHOIS is a TCP based client / server protocol that is widely used to provide information services to Internet users. It was originally designed for a "phonebook" to registered domains, but today it has a much wider application.For historical reasons, the WHOIS protocol does not have many of the attributes expected from any modern protocol - a high level of security, an internationalization capability, and so on.